2016年2月17日 星期三

「過去,現在和將來」是同時存在的



原來中國自古以來,
已經用「宇宙」來代表我們所身處的時空「Spacetime」。
正所謂「上下四方謂之宇,往古今來謂之宙」,
「上下四方」就是指空間,而「往古今來」就是時間。

雖然西方於中世紀開始就著重理性的科學研究,
但直至上世紀初,人類對時空,
特別是時間,仍然沒有甚麼研究和概念。
即使是大科學家牛頓,沒有對時空進行深入研究,
因為認為沒有值得研究的地方。
直到 20 世紀初,近一百年來最偉大的科學家愛因斯坦,
發表了「相對論」,人們才開始著手研究甚麼是「空間」和「時間」。
亦開始有人去思想,為何我們身處的空間,
是可以讓人四處走動的三維空間,
但時間卻只是一維空間,即一根線,
只能夠單向地向前走,而不可向後退。


然而,原來,按著近代科學家對「相對論」的研究發現,
時間其實是立體的,甚至時間和我們身處的空間根本是一體。
而所謂的「過去、現在和將來」,其實是同時存在的,
就算在同一秒中,不同地方的人經歷的所謂「現在」都是不同。
因為時間和空間是一樣的,換句話說,時間和距離亦是一體。
例如:一個人身處香港,另一個人身處美國,
如果他們要見面,因為彼此之間的距離非常遙遠,
他們就需要一段時間才可以見面,
因為他們是存在於宇宙中不同時空的座標。


就好像日華牧師曾在「2012 榮耀盼望」信息中,分享過拉線的真知識,
當中正好隱藏了「距離就是時間」這個有趣的事實。
例如︰英國倫敦石和聖殿根基石的距離是 1948 海里,
而英國就是同樣在 1948 年,
讓以色列在本來受英國控制的巴勒斯坦土地上成立以色列國。
既然時間本來就與空間一樣,是立體和一體,
所以「過去、現在和將來」其實是同時存在。
只是由於人類和其中的一切,甚至撒但的思想和意識,
都被神鎖定於「現在」這一片短短的時空中,
所以,我們才無法察覺這一個事實。
所以,在神面前,
整個宇宙和人類歷史的「過去、現在和將來」都是同時存在的。
而我們所身處「現在」的一刻,就好像是整個麵包的其中一片,
只不過,我們永遠看不見上一片和下一片的時間。
And this experiment was carried out in 1971,
when scientists flew an atomic clock around the world
and they compared it to one on the ground.
此實驗在 1971 年進行,科學家將原子鐘放在飛機上環球飛行,
再將之與留在地面運作的原子鐘比較。
As Einstein predicted, the two clocks no longer agreed.
They differed by only a few hundred billionths of a second
but that was very real proof: motion’s effect on the passage of time.
如愛因斯坦預計:兩個時鐘不再一致,兩者相距只有數千億份之一秒,
但足以證明:物體運動影響時間流逝。
Einstein’s theory has been tested again and again and again,
and all hangs together. It really forms the basis for the way
we understand much of the way nature works.
愛因斯坦的理論已經過反覆驗證,結論一致,這
確實形成我們了解很多自然界運作的基礎。
These effects which used to be considered sort of obscure and very small.
這些影響曾被視為模糊及非常輕微,


very in-your-face with today’s technology.
但因今天的科技已變得非常明顯。
With the discovery of this unexpected link between space and time,
空間與時間的關連乃有意想不到的發現,
Einstein realized that the two could no longer be thought of as separate things.
愛因斯坦因而意識到,兩者不能再被視為獨立概念,
Instead, space and time are fused together
in what came to be called “space-time”.
相反,空間與時間結合,形成所謂的「時空」。
Einstein unified the idea of space with the idea of time
into this 4-dimensional structure called “space-time”.
愛因斯坦將空間及時間的概念統一,
並融入到稱為「時空」的四維結構。
And this fusion of space and time would lead Einstein to,
perhaps the most mind-bending realization of all:
the sharp difference we see between past, present and future
may only be an illusion.
空間和時間的融合,令愛因斯坦意識到或許是最令人費解的概念:
過去、現在和將來之間的差別,可能只是假象。
In our day-to-day lives, we experience time as a continuous flow
but it can also be useful to think of time as a series of snapshots, or moments.
在日常生活中,我們經歷時間連續流動,
但也可理解時間為一系列快照或瞬間。
And everything that happens can be thought of,
as the unfolding of moment, after moment, after moment.
所有事情的發生,可以理解成一個、接一個、再接一個瞬間的展開。
And if we picture all moments for snapshots, lined up every moment here
on Earth every moment of Earth orbiting the Sun,
and every moment throughout the entire universe.
若為所有瞬間拍下快照,再排開,地球上的每一刻,
地球環繞太陽的每一瞬間,及整個宇宙的每一瞬間,
We would see every event that has ever happened or will ever happen.
便會看到曾經發生的事件或將會發生的事件。
Every location in space and each and every moment in time:
from the birth of our universe at the Big Bang, some 14 billion years ago
to the formation of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy
to the creation of Earth 4.5 billion years ago to the time of the dinosaurs.
在空間的每個位置,及在時間的每個瞬間,
140 多億年前宇宙在大爆炸中誕生,到銀河系星宿的形成,
45 億年前地球的創造,到恐龍時代。


to events happening on Earth today, like: me, working in my office.
直至今日在地球上發生的事件,就如:我在辦公室工作。
Thinking about space-time like this that,
Einstein too overturned our everyday picture of past, present and future.
對於時空的這個理解,
愛因斯坦亦推翻我們日常對過去、現在和將來的理解。
To get a feel for this, you have to think about
the seemingly simple concept of “now”.
為了更明白,詴想想那看似簡單的概念「現在」。
For me, a list of things that I consider to be happening right now might include:
The tick of noon on my office clock.
對我來說,我認為現在發生的事情可能包括:辦公室時鐘跳至中午,
My cat just now jumping from the windowsill.
我的貓剛從窗台跳下,
Things happening far away like:
a pigeon in Venice taking flight at this very moment.
遠至鴿子在這一刻於威尼斯開始飛翔,
A meteor just now hitting the moon.
隕石剛撞擊月球,


and the explosion of a star at the far reaches of the universe.
宇宙極遠處發生星體爆炸。
These and all other events that I think are happening
at the same moment in time, but in different regions of our universe
make up what I intuitively think of as “now”.
這些及其它我覺得在同一瞬間發生的事,
但在宇宙中不同區域發生,形成我直覺所想的「現在」。
You can picture them as lying on a single slice of space-time.
Let's call it a “now slice”.
你能想像所有事件躺在一片時空中,讓我們把它稱為「現在切片」,


Common sense would say that, you and I and everyone else would agree on
what's happening or what exists right now moment,
after moment, after moment.
從常理知道,大家會同意甚麼是現在發生的事情,
或此刻存在的東西,或瞬間後、再瞬間後、再瞬間後存在的,
That is, we would all agree on what lies on a given “now slice”.
亦即同意,在某一特定「現在切片」中的事情。
But, Einstein showed that, strangely when you take motion into account,
this common sense picture of time goes out the window.
但愛因斯坦指出,奇怪地,當把物體運動考慮在內,
這種對時間如常理般的認知便無效。
To see what I mean, think of space-time as a loaf of bread.
要明白我的意思,要想像時空為一條麵包,
Einstein realized that just as there’re different ways
to cut a loaf of bread into individual slices,
there are different ways to cut space-time into individual “now slices”.
愛因斯坦意識到,就如有不同方式能把一條麵包切片,
也有不同方法將時空切片,切成各個獨立的「現在切片」。
That is, because motion affects the passage of time,
someone who is moving would have a different conception
of what's happening right now.
即是,由於物體運動影響時間流逝,
移動中的人對於現在發生的事情會與他人有異。


and so they’ll cut the loaf into different “now slices”.
故他們會把那條麵包切成不同的「現在切片」。
Their slices will be at a different angle.
他們的切片會有不同角度,
That person who’s moving will tilt the knife, will be carving out these slices at a different angle. They won't be parallel to my slices of time. 正在移動的人能將刀子傾斜,在另一角度切片,那些切片不會與我的時間切片平行。


BRIAN GREENE
Columbia University
BRIAN GREENE
哥倫比亞大學
Once we know that your “now” can be what I consider the “past”
or your “now” can be what I consider the “future”
and your “now” is every bit as valid as my “now”.
當知道你的「現在」可以是我認為的「過去」,
或你的「現在」可以是我認為的「將來」,
而你的「現在」的每個部分,我的「現在」同樣確實。
Then we learnt that, the past must be real; the future must be real.
They could be your “now”.
That means past, present, future, all equally real: they all exist.
那便知道,過去一定真實;將來一定真實,它們可以是你的「現在」,
意即過去、現在、將來都同樣真實:它們都存在。
SEAN CARROLL
California Institute of Technology
SEAN CARROLL
加州理工學院
If you believe the laws of physics, there's just as much reality to the future
and the past as there's to the present moment.
若你相信物理學定律,將來及過去的真實,就有如現在一樣真實。
MAX TEGMARK
MIT
MAX TEGMARK
麻省理工學院
The past is not gone and the future isn’t non-existent.
過去並非流逝了,將來也並非不存在。
Past, the future and the present are all existing in exactly the same way.
過去、將來及現在都以完全相同的方式存在。
Just as we think of all of “space” as being out there we should think of
all of “time” as being out there too.
正如我們認為所有「空間」都存在於這裡,
也應視所有「時間」也存在於這裡。
Everything that has ever happened or will happen, it all exists.
所有曾經發生或將會發生的一切都存在。
From Leonardo da Vinci laying the final brushstroke on the Mona Lisa,
to the signing of the Declaration of Independence, to your first day at school.
從達文西在蒙娜麗莎畫上最後一筆,
至簽署《美國獨立宣言》,至你第一天上學。


to events that from our perspective are yet to happen
like the first human landing on Mars
以至從我們的角度來看還沒有發生的事件,像人類首次登陸火星
With this bold insight, Einstein shattered one of the most basic concepts
of how we experience time:
以此大膽的見解作基礎,
愛因斯坦破滅了人類經歷時間的最基本概念之一。
“The distinction between past, present and future,”
he once said is only an illusion, however persistent.”
他曾說:「過去、現在與將來的區分,只是揮之不去的幻象。」
But if every moment in time already exists then how do we explain
the very real feeling that time like this river, seems to endlessly rush forward?
然而,若時間的每瞬間已經存在,
我們如何解釋那對時間非常真實的感覺,
像這河流一般,似乎無休止地向前湧流?
Well, maybe we've been deceived and time does not flow.
Perhaps the river of time is more like a frozen river
with every moment forever locked in place.
也許我們受騙了,時間並沒有流動,
或許時間流更像結了冰的河流,每瞬間都已永遠鎖定了位置。
The most vivid example about the way the world is,
has to do with this flow of time.
世界運作的最生動例子與時間流有關。
DAVID ALBERT
Columbia University
DAVID ALBERT
哥倫比亞大學
Physics does radical violence to this everyday experience of time.
物理學顛覆了人類在日常對時間的感受,
Our entire experience of time is constantly in the present
and all we ever grasp is that instant moment.
我們對時間的經歷,恆常處於「現在」狀態,
捕捉到的,就是那一瞬間。
There's nothing in the laws of physics that picks that one now or any other now.
This is from our subjective viewpoint that it feels like things are changing.
物理定律中沒有任何理論,指示出那一個「現在」或其他「現在」,
這是我們的主觀觀點覺得事情正在變化。
Just the way an entire movie exists on a reel of celluloid,
think of all moments of time as already existing too.
就如整部電影在電影膠片捲軸中存在,
那麼所有時間中的瞬間亦已經存在。


The difference is that in the movies,
a projector lights up or selects each frame as it goes by.
兩者分別是,在電影中,投影機會照亮或選擇某一格畫面,
But the laws of physics:
there's no evidence of something like a projector light
that selects one moment over another.
但根據物理定律,並無證據證明有東西像投影機的光,
會選擇照亮某個瞬間,而非另一個。
Our brains may create this impression but in reality,
what we all experience as the flow of time
really may be nothing more than an illusion.
大腦可能會創造出此感象,但現實中,
我們所有對時間流逝的經歷,也許只是假象而已。


Ref: 錫安日報 2012 榮耀盼望 vol. 277
http://www.ziondaily.com/2.0/web/word_of_god_02c/view.php?id=14319

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