日華牧師分享到,現時立體3D 列印技術,
已非常成熟和普及,在香港,我們甚至只需要約$2,000 元,
已經可以買到一台3D 列印機,在自己家中,
將需要的物件和零件製造出來。
所以,現今我們已經進到一個時代,即使所有人都要
「宅在家中」,甚至連工廠都因為疫情而關門,
無法製造某些日用品時,其實,只要我們擁有一台3D 列印機,
以及該物件的3D 模型結構檔案,已可以在家中自行製造
想要的物件,如果再加上另一台3D 掃描器,
更可以把所需物件不斷複製。
在技術上,3D 列印3D Printing,或稱增材製造、
積層製造(Additive Manufacturing,AM),
指任何列印三維物體的過程。
3D 列印,就如一種工業機器人,在電腦控制下,
不斷進行添加層疊原材料的過程,而原材料,
普遍為塑膠或金屬,根據三維模型或其他電子資料,
列印出任何形狀和幾何特徵的三維物體。
3D 列印的製成品,比舊式模具更細緻和複雜,
以往,工廠要製造一件物件,必須先花數周時間,
以數千,甚至數萬美元製造模具,
這些繁複過程和金錢,單單為了製成一個尚未量產的樣本,
如果樣本未能符合客人的要求,就需要作出更改,
將上述程序再重複一次,過程不單費時,亦浪費大量金錢。
但有了3D 列印機後,短短數小時,甚至數分鐘,
已可以製造一次性的樣本,而且,不需要花時間製造模具,
單單一個電腦檔案,已可以直接製造樣本。
在日常生活中,3D 列印已被廣泛應用,例如︰
當家中有物件損壞了,但連製造商都缺乏零件維修更換,
這時,我們就可以藉著3D 列印技術,自行複製零件維修。
又例如︰當我們需要一個盆子或是一個杯子,在3D 列印機下,
輕易就可以造出自己喜歡的大小、外型和顏色。
所以,3D 列印技術,
絕對是一種革新傳統製造業技術和程序的科技產品,
由以往,我們必須購買所需物件,到現在,
我們可以輕易在家中列印想要的物件。
3D 列印的範圍,大至飛機、火箭、房屋,
甚或所有我們能夠想像的物件。
目前,市面上普遍有三種3D 列印技術,分別是
FDM 熱熔融層積、SLA 光固化和SLS 鐳射粉末燒結。
FDM 熱熔融層積,或稱FFF,是最普遍的3D 列印技術,
原料通常是捲軸上輸送的熱塑性聚合物,通稱為線材。
線徑寬度,公定為1.75mm、2.85mm 或3mm,
透過安裝在移動桿上的加熱噴頭,藉著材料在列印範圍
內層層堆疊、冷卻並固化,製造出物件。
現時,市場上已有一些FDM 3D 列印機,
可以用一般塑料瓶作循環物料,再製成物件,
因為塑料瓶本來就是用作承載可飲用水,
所以,這種3D 列印機,亦適合用作製造食物器皿。
第二種3D 列印技術,是SLA 光固化,
使用液態樹脂為原料,在槽內倒入樹脂,
浸泡列印平台,再以UV 鐳射或DLP 投影器,
在列印平台上照射,樹脂會隨著照射硬化成型,
升起來層層堆疊成型。
第三種3D 列印技術,稱為SLS 鐳射粉末燒結技術,
以粉末聚合物為原料,將粉末倒入機器內,
鋪平於列印範圍,再以鐳射光融合,
透過微幅的高度升降堆疊,完成製品。
由於粉末列印材料會填滿整個內部空間,
列印完成前,都是緊密的粉末,
不需要額外使用支撐結構輔助成型,
因此,不會有材料中空或掉落問題,
未使用的粉末,亦可以透過專用設備過篩後,
再與新的粉末混合使用。
三種列印技術裡,FDM 熱熔融層積技術較經濟實惠,
因此最為常見, 由於體積細小,且容易操作,
後期加工及廢料處理亦最為輕省,因此,一般中小企業
也能快速上手,也是最多人使用,
相關資源及教學討論也較多。
不過,由於開發相對容易,所以,
市面上充斥參差不齊的品牌,選購時需要多方比較。
SLA 光固化技術,則非常適合列印具複雜細節的小型物件,
如玩偶、造型物體、珠寶等。
成品表面光滑、可以呈現複雜紋理,
在三種技術中,物理性和機械性較少。
而SLS 鐳射粉末燒結,則具有最佳機械性、功能性,
強調工業原型的應用,表面呈霧面質感、無須支撐,
且成品相對堅固耐用。但相對而言,操作難度較高,
需佩戴口罩及清除粉末。
總括而言,三種技術各有所長,沒有所謂好壞之分,
只要設計得宜,都能3D 列印出活動式結構與彈性材質。
而桌上型3D 列印機器,大小合適,更可以直接在公司內部,
快速製成樣板,有效縮短開發時間和成本。
YouTube 片段:
Have you ever tried to wish something into existence?
你曾否夢想讓某些物件成真?
Well, we live in a world where you can practically do that now.
我們現在就生活在可以這麼做的世界,
We're not talking about a magical genie. We're talking about 3D printers.
我們不是在談論魔法精靈,我們說的是3D 列印機。
If you can think it, chances are, you can print it.
只要你想到,就有可能打印出來。
From 3D-printed sushi to 3D-printed organs.
從3D 打印的壽司到3D 打印的器官,
Here's a rundown on how 3D printing works
and how it's changing our lives.
以下是3D 列印的原理以及對人類生活的改變。
You're watching “The Deets” a show where we
demystify the technologies that are shaping the future.
你們正在收看The Deets,這節目探索各種塑造未來的科技,
揭露其神秘面紗。
I'm your host Riley Winn
我是主持人Riley Winn
3D printing is one of the most revolutionary
technologies of the 21st century.
3D 列印是21 世紀最具革命性的科技之一,
But what you might not realize is that, there are
tons of different 3D printing techniques out there.
但你可能有所不知,現今有著大量不同的3D 打印技術。
Today we're going to talk about the four most common
varieties FDM, SLA, laser sintering and PolyJet.
今天我們將討論四種最常見的:FDM、SLA、
雷射粉末燒結和聚合物噴射。
There are some other more specialized methods,
but these four are definitely the most widely used.
還有其他一些更專業的方法,但這四個肯定是應用最廣泛的。
Let's start with FDM, which stands for
fusion deposition modeling.
讓我們從FDM 開始,FDM 是熱熔融層積的別稱。
If you've seen a 3D printer in person,
then chances are it was an FDM printer.
如果你見過3D 列印機,那麼很可能是FDM 列印機。
So how does it work?
FDM 如何運作?
Well functionally speaking, an FDM printer works a
lot like a hot glue gun that's being operated by a robot.
從功能上講,FDM 列印機很像,由機器人操作的熱熔膠槍。
Solid material known as the filament goes in one
end gets pushed through a hot nozzle that melts
and is deposited in thin layers.
被稱為線材的固體材料從一端進入,
推入一個熱的噴嘴,熔化並沉積在薄層中。
This happens over and over until a
three-dimensional object emerges.
這會重複發生,直到三維物體出現,
So in other words FDM 3D printing is
basically 2D printing over and over again.
換句話說,這種3D 打印是一遍又一遍的2D 打印。
Just each time a layer is completed, the nozzle moves
up just a little bit and the next layer is printed on top of it.
每當完成一層,噴嘴就往上移動一點,然後在頂部打印下一層,
Then there's stereolithography or SLA.
之後討論的是光固化,又稱SLA。
Here's a mind effort for you.
請你運用一下想像力,
SLA basically uses light to grow objects out of a puddle of goo.
SLA 基本上是用光把物體從一堆黏液中培養出來。
What?
什麼?
Yeah, exactly.
是的,沒錯。
SLA machines work by shining ultraviolet
lights into a pool of photoreactive resin.
SLA 的原理是將紫外線照射到光反應樹脂池中。
Any resin struck by the light, solidifies and
forms a layer of the object you're printing.
樹脂被光照射,就會固化,形成一層你要打印的物體。
Generally speaking, these printers can create
objects with far finer details than FDM printers.
一般而言,這種列印機比FDM 技術,能造出更精細的成品。
The third variety of 3D printing is laser sintering。
第三種3D 打印技術是雷射粉末燒結法。
LS prints by flashing a high-powered laser over
a bed of super fine powder fusing the particles
together to form a thin solidified layer.
此技術以高能量雷射照射,一層超微細粉末床,
將其燒結形成固體。
The machine then sweeps more powder over
the top of that layer and repeats the process
until the 3D object is complete.
接著不斷重複鋪粉、燒結的過程,直至完成整個3D 模型。
This process isn't common in consumer-level 3D printers,
燒結技術較少應用於消費者級別3D 列印機,
but on the industrial side it's often used to
create large durable objects out of metal.
但在工業方面,則常用於生產金屬製的大型耐用品。
In fact, SpaceX uses this method to
3D print its SuperDraco rocket engine.
太空探索技術公司SpaceX 更以此技術,
3D 打印出「超級天龍座」火箭引擎。
That's definitely a tough act to follow
but we've got one more on our list.
此等科技確實難以仿效,不過還有一種先進的3D 打印技術,
Last but not least, is a 3D-printing technique
known as PolyJet.
稱為聚合物噴射。
Think of this one as a mix of FDM and SLA.
可以理解為熱熔融層積和光固化的混合體,
PolyJet machines squirt out tiny droplets of
photoactive resin onto a build surface, and then
immediately harden the resin with ultraviolet light.
機器將液體光聚合物噴射到構建托盤上,
然後用紫外線將其立即固化。
This process is then repeated hundreds of
times to create objects from the bottom up.
接著重複數百次,直至形成3D 模型,
The benefit of this method is that it's crazy fast and super precise.
技術的優點在於速度快及精準度高。
Unfortunately, most PolyJet printers cost tens of
thousands of dollars so they're out of reach for
people like you and me.
只可惜聚合物噴射列印機的價格,
高達數萬美元,一般人難以負擔。
Now that school is over.
3D 列印的各類技術已介紹完畢,
Let’s talk about the real world.
讓我們了解現實中的應用。
Because 3D printing is used in almost every industry out there.
因3D 列印技術已被廣泛應用於各個工業,
One awesome example is how 3D printing has
completely changed the world of prosthetics.
一個讓人稱奇的例子就是,3D 列印完全改變了義肢的世界。
The thing about prosthetics is that every limb
needs to be customized for each individual,
which makes prosthetics difficult to mass-produce.
義肢必須個人化,因此難以大量生產。
With 3D printing though, you can scan a person's body
and then 3D print a prosthetic that's tailor-made to fit the
unique geometry of their body.
現在只需3D 掃描截肢者的身體,就能打印出量身定制的義肢。
There's even a startup called Print My Leg that
provides open source blueprints for prosthetics.
更有一間名為「我的足‧印」的創業公司,
以開源方式提供義肢藍圖,
They allow others to create decorative prosthetic
leg pieces that they can make as an extension
of their own personalities.
讓人可以美化義肢以展示個性。
No different than getting a tattoo sleeve or choosing
clothes that capture some aspect of your personality.
有如穿上紋身袖套,或突顯個人風格的衣服。
That's just the tip of the iceberg though.
但這僅為3D 列印應用的冰山一角。
We’re not only printing limbs now.
我們現在不單單列印四肢,
We’re 3D printing organs too.
我們亦會3D 列印器官。
Scientists have successfully 3D printed a mini-human
heart from stem cells. This heart is partially functional
and is used for pharmaceutical research.
科學家已成功利用幹細胞,3D 列印出迷你的人類心臟,
這心臟部分功能正常,會用作藥物研究。
There are a few challenges ahead in making it fully functional.
要使心臟完全發揮出功能,還存在一些挑戰,
But the scientists are confident that in a few years.
但科學家有信心在幾年內,
this 3D-printed heart will be able to function
inside an animal or a human.
3D 列印心臟能夠應用在動物或人體內。
This technology could be used to create thousands
of much-needed hearts for transplant surgeries.
這科技將會創造數千個急需移植的心臟。
Enough about medicine though.
好,醫學討論到此為止,
Let’s talk about shoes.
讓我們談談鞋子。
Nike is running away with 3D-printing technology.
Nike 在3D 列印科技上走在前線,
The company recently introduced Flyprint A
3D-printed textile upper for your sneakers.
公司最近引入了Flyprint 技術,
利用3D 列印出運動鞋的紡織鞋面。
It’s the first of its kind and it may bring about a
new standard in performance running shoes.
這是同類產品中的首創,有機會成為高性能跑鞋的全新標準。
Because they’re 3D-printed the shoes can be rapidly
customized and produced for specific sports or specific athletes.
因為3D 列印技術,能快速地按指定運動或運動員生產個人化運動鞋,
And the shoes can be prototyped 16 times faster
than traditional shoe-making methods.
比傳統造鞋方法快16 倍。
3D printing is even making its way into the
construction business these days.
3D 列印近來更被引入建造業,
It takes Extreme Home Makeover a week to build a house.
真人騷節目《徹底改造》要用一星期來建造一間房屋,
But with 3D printers you can build one in a single day.
但3D 列印機一天就能建造出一間房屋。
Non-profit start-up Icon invests in
affordable housing solutions.
非牟利初創企業Icon 投資興建經濟型房屋。
These houses are 800 square feet and
cost less than 5,000 dollars.
這些房屋面積為800 平方英尺,成本卻不到5 千美元。
With 3D-printing technology, they’re able to provide
housing in poor communities cheaper and quicker.
3D 列印能夠更低廉和快速地為貧困社區提供住房。
But what if you want a boat in the driveway
of your 3D-printed house.
如果在3D 列印房屋的車道上,加上一條船又可以嗎?
Well, as Vince Vaughn would say,
“it’s not a boat, it’s a yacht”.
正如Vince Vaughn 說:這不是船,是遊艇。
Naval architect Greg Marshall wants to start
3D printing super yachts.
海軍建築師Greg Marshall 希望3D 列印超級遊艇。
Marshall says that you could print an entire super
yacht in one go including the interior.
Marshall 說能夠一次過列印出整艘超級遊艇,包括內部設計。
A 150-foot yacht usually takes 2 to 3 years to build traditionally.
過往一艘150 英尺長的遊艇需要2 至3 年建造。
Marshall claims that you could 3D print that
same yacht in as little as 90 days.
Marshall 稱可以用短短90 天3D 列印出同一艘遊艇。
Hollywood has even hopped on the 3D-printing bandwagon.
荷里活也追上了3D 列印的潮流。
Showbiz is using the technology when it comes
to set design and prop making.
演藝界在佈景設計和道具製作上應用了這技術,
3D printing allows studios to create custom props
quicker and cheaper than traditional methods.
電影工作室3D 列印指定道具,
比傳統方法來得更快,更便宜。
Laika, the animation studio behind movies like
Coraline and Kubo and the Two Strings uses 3D
printing to create all the set pieces in its stop-motion films.
萊卡動畫公司,曾參與製作電影如,《怪誕隨意門》及
《酷寶:魔弦傳說》,使用3D 列印來創建其定格電影的所有場景。
Does your mouth water at the prospect of a nice juicy steak?
您會否因為想起美味多汁的牛扒而垂涎?
How about a 3D-printed Porterhouse made using
a paste composed of vegetable-based materials like
rice, peas and seaweed.
若果是一塊3D 列印的腰肉牛扒如何?
用料是由素菜製成的麵團,如米飯、豌豆和海藻。
Yeah, no thanks.
啊,不用客氣了。
But that’s what a new Spanish start-up,
Novameat is working hard to bring to market.
但西班牙一間初創公司Novameat,卻正是努力將此推入市場。
Left and right,
沒有限界地,
different foods are being printed.
不同的食物正在被打印出來。
Sushi, burgers, the list goes on.
壽司、漢堡包等等。
These foods aren’t being produced just for publicity.
生產這些食物不是單純為了宣傳。
There soon could be an actual need for 3D-printed food.
而是在不久的將來,就可能有3D 列印食品的實際需要。
The global population is expected to grow
to an estimated 9.6 billion people by 2050.
預計到2050 年,全球人口將增長到96 億,
and some analysts project that food production will
need to be raised by 50% to maintain current levels.
有些分析家預測糧食生產,將要提高50%才能保持當前水平。
How we currently produce food isn’t going to be able
to keep up with that demand and 3D-printed food may
be the additional production method we need to keep
from going hungry.
我們目前生產糧食的方式將無法滿足需求,3D 列印
可能提供所需的額外食物生產方法,來避免捱餓。
The really exciting part is that this is just the beginning.
真正令人興奮的是這僅是初始階段,
The earliest 3D printers were invented
just a couple of decades ago.
最早的3D 列印機是在20 年前發明,
And despite the fact that the technology has
advanced and leaps and bounds in that time
it’s still very much in its infancy.
儘管3D 列印已極其迅速地發展,但這項技術仍屬於雛型。
Today, we are printing organs and rocket engines.
今天,我們會打印器官和火箭引擎,
In another decade or two there is no telling
What we might be able to create.
在未來10 年或20 年,沒有人知道我們可以創造甚麼出來。
Would you eat a 3D-printed steak?
您會吃一塊3D 打印的牛排嗎?
Ref:錫安日報 2012 榮耀盼望 vol. 534 (20200503)
https://www.ziondaily.com/2.0/web/word_of_god_02c/view.php?id=17621
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