從前,人們可以用貨幣向銀行兌換指定數量的黃金或白銀,
於是,人民對貨幣有信心,並且公認其價值。
但自 1971 年起,美國完全放棄金本位貨幣政策,
帶動全世界的國家都一同效法,
所以,現今世界上已經再沒有以金銀作保證的貨幣,
只剩下政府以自己信譽來保證的貨幣價值。
其實,這些由政府發行的貨幣,
本質上與街上每天售賣或免費派發的報章雜誌毫無分別,
都只是以油墨印刷在紙張上便成了。
甚至與報章雜誌一樣,任由出版商印上售價,就標明了它們的所謂價值。
然而,這些報章雜誌是否物有所值,完全取決於你的觀點,
如果你認為它是物有所值,或許你會購買;
如果你認為它是分文不值,便不會購買。
自從貨幣無法兌換金銀開始,
它們就單純地成了人民對政府信任的證明書,
於是,貨幣的價值就代表了人民對其政府或中央銀行的信心指標。
如同任何商品一樣,按經濟學最基本的「供應和需求」原理,
當商品是有限度供應,但需求卻遠比供應大,
就如某個品牌的最新型號手提電話推出,被大眾爭相購買,
價格就自然會水漲船高,甚至出現炒賣情況。
但是,當另一款新型號手提電話出現,
甚至過了一年後,就沒有人想再購買同一款手提電話,
貨品需求便會下降, 假如貨物的供應仍然堆積如山,
價格自然就會回落。
其實,貨幣和任何商品都一樣,
受經濟學最基本的「供應和需求」關係所影響。
如果政府增加開支,
例如︰提高對社會福利的撥款,或是各政府部門增加開支,
當稅收不足以支付開支,便會出現赤字。
一般政府都不會希望,亦不能藉著增加稅收來達至收支平衡,
否則,下一屆選舉時,政府必定會被選民唾棄,
所以,政府的做法就是發行有利息的債券,
賣給市民或其他國家,以維持足夠的營運資金。
其實,政府利用人民對自己的信任,憑空創造債券,
從而得到一大筆金錢平衡政府赤字。
情況就正如銀行藉著借出資金,憑空創造利息。
但即使是貨幣,亦與其他所有商品一樣,受經濟學的供求關係影響,
當貨幣供應增加,而相對地,可以用貨幣購買的物品數量,
卻追不上貨幣增長速度, 即貨幣多,但物品少,就會導致物品價格上升而出現通貨膨脹。
美國自 1971 年取消金本位後,就以幾何級數上升的速度印製美鈔,
於 2008 年的金融海嘯後,美國政府更推出量化寬鬆政策,
完全無限制地瘋狂增加美鈔數量,甚至達到天文數字。
現在,美國政府的國債已經達到 18 萬億的天文數字,全美債務更高達 65 萬億。 事實上,美國早已破產了,只是等待爆破的一刻。 2
YouTube 片段:
The history of fiat money failures.
法定貨幣失敗的歷史,
So the self-correcting mechanism which was the link to gold was removed.
那個與黃金聯系的「自我糾正機制」被解除,
Consequently, the system is ultimately headed for a blow-up because there's too much money being created by the Federal Reserve.
系統最終會爆破收場,因為美聯儲過度印製金錢。
because there's too much money being spent by the federal government, which causing them to borrow and that ultimately gets monetized by the Federal Reserve.
因為聯邦政府開支過度龐大,迫使他們借錢度日,最終美聯儲便藉著買債增加貨幣供應,
There's no self-correcting mechanism.
完全欠缺一個自我糾正機制。
and despite human efforts or plans to control that there's never the political will to do it.
儘管他們曾嘗試並計劃控制情況,但卻一直欠缺政治決心來實踐。
Well, that's right.
嗯,正確。
and history of the world is that whenever the authorities have the ability to issue paper money they can never resist the temptation to over-issue. 世界歷史告訴我們,每當政府有發行紙幣的權力,他們永遠無法抵擋濫發的誘惑,
and the Catholic Church has a line for this, it’s a great line and they have it exactly right and the line is ―In the face of temptation, reason succumbs.‖
而天主教有個很好的說法,完全正確地形容此況,「試探當前,理性屈服」。
And so if you go back, say, in France.
如果你回顧一下,例如法國。
after the revolution when they were issuing the assignats.
在法國大革命時當局發行「交付券」。
there's a wonderful book about this by Andrew Dickson White. 20150927 www.ziondaily.com 33 He’s one of my favorites Fiat Money Inflation in France. Andrew Dickson White
就此撰寫了一本很好的書,他是我最喜愛的作者之一,《法國法定貨幣通脹》。
It's...and I hand that book at everybody.
我向所有人介紹那本書。
In fact, I've given it to a lot of important people including that...John Paulson Henry Kaufman, David Malpass.
其實我把它送給了很多重要人物,包括對沖基金經理 John Paulson,經濟學家 Henry Kaufman 和 David Malpass。
I put it in the hands of this fellow Jean-Claude Trichet who heads the European Central Bank.
我還把這書交給歐洲央行行長 Jean-Claude Trichet,
who set a meeting with him and the cover of this book you know shows all this gold stuff. I thought he’d been carrying it around so that people would see.
有次我和他會面,這本書的封面佈滿金幣,我想,若他四處帶著它,別人會看見。
you know, he had.
他真的有帶著這書。
He turned it to the inside, you know, so people wouldn't see.
但他把書打開,使人看不到書的封面。
but interesting about that book is that the arguments that the French legislature put forth in favor of the paper money are the same arguments you hear today and they had a better case.
但那本書的有趣之處在於,法國議會提倡紙幣的論點,與我們今天聽到的論點完全一樣,他們的情 況較合理。
Because, in their case, they said the money was backed by real estate. 因為當時他們認為紙幣背後有房地產支持,
you know by the church lands.
就是教會的土地。
Our money is backed by zippo. Nothing.
我們的貨幣是無任何東西支援的,什麼都沒有。
And theoretically it's backed by the unlimited taxing authority of the United States government.
理論上它是由美國政府的無限徵稅權力所支持,
but that assumes there’s something to tax, you know.
但大前提是要有打稅項目。
and today...I don’t know, 24 million people, either unemployed, part-time, looking for work. 但 2,400 萬人中有失業、兼職或待業的,
You’ve got probably four or five million houses that have been foreclosed.
現大概已有 4、5 百萬所房屋被封。
another three or four million houses going to be foreclosed.
另外 3、4 百萬所房屋將也被封。
You know, I could make a whole long list for you of all the stuff.
我可以就這些事件寫一張清單給你,
plus you have all these promises that the government has made and multi-trillion dollar deficits as far as the eye could see.
還有政府作出的各種承諾,以及數之不盡幾萬億美元的赤字,
Even using the phony accounting, multi-trillion dollar deficits.
即使用虛假的計算,也得出數萬億美元赤字。
If you use real accounting, the deficits are multi-trillion dollars per year. 如果你真正的計算,赤字是每年幾萬億美元之多,
There’s no way to work your way out of that.
這是行不通的,
And worldwide, people are not protected especially in the United States. 綜觀全球,人們普遍地失去保障,美國尤其嚴重。 ====================================
911 事件前一日,即 2001 年 9 月 10 日,
當時美國國防部部長當奴‧拉姆斯菲爾德在一個新聞發佈會中公開證實, 美國國防部有一筆高達 2.3 萬億美元的經費消失了,不知所蹤,令公眾懷疑有人中飽私囊, 美國國防部當日亦向公眾承諾會調查事件。
但是,以上新聞發佈會的一天後,911 事件就發生了,
並且正正就是五角大廈的會計部受到恐怖襲擊,整個部門被摧毀了,
令所有能夠調查的證據,都被所謂的恐襲消毀了,
調查工作自然無法繼續進行下去,
但這是過於巧合,還是一個被人精心策劃的陰謀呢?
YouTube 片段:
Pentagon The day before 9/11.
五角大樓(美國國防部) 911 事件前一天。
Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld declared war not on foreign terrorists.
美國國防部長拉姆斯菲爾德宣布發動戰爭,對象並非國外恐怖分子,
The adversary's closer to home. It's the Pentagon bureaucracy.
敵手近在咫尺,就是國防部官僚體系,
He said money wasted by the military poses a serious threat.
他說,軍方浪費的金錢帶來嚴重威脅,
In fact, it could be said that it's a matter of life and death.
著實,這可說是生死攸關的事宜。
Rumsfeld promised change; but the next day, the world changed.
拉姆斯菲爾德承諾改變;但翌日,世界改變了。
And in the rush to fund the war on terrorism, the war on waste seems to have been forgotten.
因為急於為反恐戰爭提供資金,那本來對抗浪費的戰爭似乎被遺忘了。
My 03 budget calls for more than $48 billion in new defense spending.
我提出的 03 年財政預算,需要逾 480 億美元新國防開支,
More money for the Pentagon when its own auditors admit the military cannot account for 25% of what it already spends.
國防部獲投放更多資金,但官方核數師也承認,軍方未能解釋 25%已支出的項目。
According to some estimates we cannot track $2.3 trillion in transactions. 根據某些估算,國防部有 2.3 萬億美元交易無從稽考。
$2.3 trillion, with a "T". That's $8,000 for every man, woman and child in America.
那是 2.3 萬億美元,即美國每名男士、女士及小孩承擔 8 千美元。 ===============================
難怪美國政府可以自 2008 年起,肆無忌憚地印製千萬億美元,
但事實上,這 2.3 萬億美元開支帳目,即使完全取消,
亦僅僅足以支付美國政府約一年開支,完全無法防止美國的破產。Ref: 錫安日報 2012 榮耀盼望 vol. 294(20150927)
http://www.ziondaily.com/2.0/web/word_of_god_02c/view.php?id=14538 |
沒有留言:
張貼留言